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src="https://img.lm263.com/2022-06/zol4d2gzqti.jpg" alt="深圳“濱海”客家人的文化" /></p><p>深圳地處南海之濱，歷史上原有4個民系雜處：客家、廣府、福佬與疍家人，其中客家人居多。清康熙年間，朝廷下令“復界”并頒布“招墾”政策，各地農(nóng)民尤其是梅州、潮州、惠州的客家人紛紛進入深圳地區(qū)，當時為客家籍移民設置的村莊就有345個。這種以客家人為主的人口結(jié)構(gòu)一直保留到深圳經(jīng)濟特區(qū)成立之前。</p><p>當年來到深圳的客家人，出山入海，生存條件發(fā)生了根本的變化。但是，具有強勁生命力的客家移民因地制宜，積極從事種植、捕撈、養(yǎng)殖、采石、商貿(mào)等行業(yè)，吃苦耐勞、鍥而不舍，共同創(chuàng)造了深圳的輝煌歷史，形成了具有“濱?！碧厣纳钲诳图椅幕?。</p><h2>開放包容融合西方文化</h2><p>由于受海洋文化影響，深圳客家人很早就具有開放意識，樂于接受新生事物。深圳毗鄰香港（歷史上同屬新安縣），是近代以來西方文化最早進入的地區(qū)。當年的瑞士基督教巴色差會，派員來到內(nèi)陸省份傳教辦學時，受到當?shù)孛癖姷牡种坪彤數(shù)卣尿?qū)逐，唯有客家地區(qū)有所例外。1855年，在深圳客家人協(xié)助下，巴色差會派遣牧師順利進入新安縣布吉圩李朗村，揭開了在此傳教辦學的序幕。在此之前的1848年，巴色差會在深圳沙頭角辦起第一間客語小學，率先向客家人輸入西式教育模式，比1905年清朝宣布取消科舉改辦西式教育提早了半個世紀。1864年，李朗村建立起存真學院，成為深圳歷史上第一所大學?？梢哉f，李朗村（今深圳李朗）是中國最早對外開放的客家村莊。</p><p>深圳客家人以寬大的胸襟容納西方文化，使深圳現(xiàn)代學校如雨后春筍。其中，1891年巴色差會在龍華浪口開辦的“虔貞女?！?，成為新安及香港遠近聞名的學校。日前在深圳舉行的“第七屆客家文化高級論壇”上，一篇題為《虔貞女?！返恼撐囊痍P注。《虔貞女?！返淖髡邚娜鹗堪蜕顣n案館查閱到上千張當年傳教士留下的照片，形象地展示了客家人百年來接納西方文明并與之交流融合的歷程，被譽為是對客家文化研究“新的學術(shù)增長點”。</p><h2>愛國愛鄉(xiāng) 弘揚民族精神</h2><p>客家人因自身的顛沛流離，切身體驗到戰(zhàn)爭離亂、民族災難、國弱家貧給他們帶來的痛苦，在“時時為客、處處為客”的窘境中痛切地體驗到故鄉(xiāng)故國的可貴，而將家國情懷交織在一起，形成高昂的民族精神和愛國愛鄉(xiāng)的優(yōu)秀品德。</p><p>近代以來，每當民族危難之際或歷史轉(zhuǎn)折關口，深圳客家人都能挺身而出，敢為人先。例如，賴恩爵面對英國侵略者奮起出擊，在九龍海戰(zhàn)中打贏鴉片戰(zhàn)爭的前哨戰(zhàn)；鄭士良在孫中山領導下打響辛亥革命前推翻滿清封建帝制的第一槍；曾生領導以客家人為主體的東江縱隊點燃了抗日救國的烽火；袁庚提出“時間就是金錢、效率就是生命”的口號，在蛇口率先扛起當代中國改革開放的大旗；南嶺村村民弘揚客家人勤勞刻苦、崇宗報本的精神，不忘傳統(tǒng)，艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，村干部及其家屬帶頭勞動致富、年輕人積極向上、成為勇立改革潮頭的“深圳客家第一村”，并且提出“致富思源、富而思進”的口號。在他們身上，始終體現(xiàn)了愛國愛鄉(xiāng)的家國情懷和勤勞刻苦的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。</p><h2>特色民居凸顯移民文化</h2><p>伴隨客家先民艱苦墾拓、開基立業(yè)而起的一座座客家圍屋，成為深圳客家文化的生動縮影。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，深圳的龍崗、坪山、坪地、坑梓等地現(xiàn)存客家圍屋100多座，以羅氏鶴湖新居、曾氏大萬世居、黃氏新喬世居為代表。其中位于龍崗的鶴湖新居，由來自梅州興寧的開基祖羅瑞鳳始建于清乾隆中期，是我國目前所見為數(shù)不多的大型客家圍屋建筑。2016年3月，由美國某電視臺攝制的紀錄片《尋找外祖父》，記錄了一位擁有四分之一客家血統(tǒng)的非裔女子羅笑娜，歷經(jīng)波折探訪，最終找到外祖父的根脈所在——深圳龍崗羅氏祖屋鶴湖新居。此片在美國、加拿大、牙買加播出后引起轟動，激發(fā)了更多海外客家后裔尋根認祖的熱情。</p><p>鶴湖新居建筑設計由內(nèi)外兩“圍”環(huán)套而成?？傮w上是客家圍屋布局，但其內(nèi)部卻參照了廣府民居的式樣，獨立成套，私密性較強。又如傳統(tǒng)客家圍屋的方位坐向是大致相同的，而坪山新區(qū)的“大萬世居”整個建筑群卻是坐東面西，與一般傳統(tǒng)建筑的南北朝向大相徑庭。此外，位于坪山坑梓的“龍?zhí)锸谰印保蛯鹘y(tǒng)的“月池”改建成“護城河”。這些極具移民文化特色的客家圍屋，其建筑隨形就勢，設計兼收并蓄，可謂是敢于開拓創(chuàng)新的深圳客家先民的大膽創(chuàng)造。</p><h2>民俗文化彰顯“山風海韻”</h2><p>深圳客家人靠山面海，在墾殖創(chuàng)業(yè)過程中，與本地廣府人和晝家人交融相處，善于吸收不同族群的文化。如沙頭角吳氏客家人來自梅州大埔，他們在下海劃船捕撈過程中，將原鄉(xiāng)的“鯉魚燈舞”進行加工，創(chuàng)造出魚燈舞這一濱海游藝民俗，成為國家級“非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)”；大鵬鎮(zhèn)賴氏客家人與南遷大鵬所城的“北方軍人”混雜相處，形成獨特的“大鵬話”，創(chuàng)造出追念英烈的“大鵬清醮”習俗。</p><p>客家人喜唱山歌，而深圳的客家山歌更是豐富多采。1990年編印出版的《深圳民間歌謠》中，客家山歌就占了90%篇幅。深圳山歌大多與梅州相似，但也有本地特色。如地處山區(qū)的梅州山歌比較高昂激越，而地處濱海的深圳山歌則比較舒緩平和，唱腔起伏流暢。深圳客家山歌有情歌、儀式歌、生活歌、勞動歌等，還有東江縱隊革命歌謠。東江縱隊全部是客家人，當年他們在成立大會上就用客家“五句板”來慶祝。此外，因深圳是著名僑鄉(xiāng)，許多海外僑胞和港澳同胞，往往以吟唱家鄉(xiāng)歌謠來表達愛國思鄉(xiāng)之情，有些還以外國詞語入歌。如反映華僑回鄉(xiāng)娶親的《帶新郎新娘入洞房》唱道：“今晚腳踏新娘間，一句唐來一句番。今晚新郎新娘very good，明日轉(zhuǎn)過艾斯灣?！?/p><p>此外，客家人喜歡象征祥瑞大平的麒麟，麒麟舞也是深圳客家游藝民俗。沙頭角中英街每年祭祀天后娘娘，既跳客家的“麒麟舞”，又邀請疍家人的“水上迎親舞”一同表演，吸引深圳與香港兩地居民參加。而鹽田漁民舉行婚禮，既表演“水上迎親舞”，又融入客家山歌演唱。龍崗客家人則從民間“八音”唱班里吸收音樂元素，創(chuàng)造出獨具特色的“龍崗皆歌”。深圳客家傳統(tǒng)美食如“客家盆菜宴”既保留山地客家的特色，又吸納海洋文化和當?shù)匚幕A，從而形成具有“山風海韻”的深圳客家民俗文化。</p><p>深圳經(jīng)濟特區(qū)建立30多年來，迎來四面八方的新移民，新老“客家人”開拓奮進，為深圳改革開放作出了巨大貢獻。為弘揚優(yōu)秀的客家文化，深圳市建立了客家博物館，成立了客家文化交流協(xié)會，并積極開展兩岸及海內(nèi)外客家文化交流活動。自2006年以來，深圳連續(xù)舉辦了九屆“深圳客家文化節(jié)”，取得了豐碩成果，有力地推動了客家文化旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，相信濱?？图业拿魈煲欢〞篮谩?/p> <div id="go0iupv" class="tags"></div> </div> </article> <div id="aab2ces" class="clearfix"></div>  <section class="left_t aabox"> </section> <section class="right_t aabox"> </section> <div id="oolfaix" class="clearfix"></div>  <section class="otherlink"> <h3 class="list">相關閱讀</h3> <ul class="list"> <li><a href="/article/202310/151608.html" target="_blank">深圳“濱?！笨图胰说奈幕?/a></li><li><a href="/article/202309/125286.html" target="_blank">帕修斯是誰帕修斯與美杜莎的人頭砍頭后成為英仙座</a></li><li><a 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